Record-low water levels on the Rhine, the lowest in records dating to the 1880s, are forcing European industries to adapt as the disruption stretches into a third month with no clear end. Chemical producers, including companies operating along the river, have curbed output or declared force majeure, while others shifted shipments to rail and road at higher cost. Freight costs are now roughly five times higher than at the start of summer. BASF and logistics partner HGK Group have developed a new low-draft vessel class, though replacing the wider barge fleet will take years given its fragmented ownership and long vessel lifespans.